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Ingredient & advertising guide

This page has two jobs. First, it explains every one of the ingredients printed on the label of the soft chewables we sell, what each is, and what the research does and does not say about it, including who wrote that research. Second, and this is the part most advertising pages leave out, it lists the headlines we run, tells you which ones are exaggerated, and separates the small number of things that are genuinely supported by evidence from the many that are not.

1. Our headlines, and what is actually true

These are the headlines we have run, grouped by the claim they make. The right-hand column is our own plain assessment. We have marked each family of headlines as Exaggerated, Partly true, Withdrawn or Broadly supported.

The headline as you saw it	What is actually behind it
"Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Spell These 3 Words. Test Now""Top Doctors Say Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Pronounce These 3 Phrases. Can You?""MDs Say Mental Decline Begins When Seniors Can't Pronounce These 3 Phrases. Can You?""Memory Decline Begins When Seniors Say These 3 Phrases (See The List)""Declining Memory Begins When Seniors Say These 7 Phrases. See Which Ones"	Exaggerated There is no set of three words, three phrases or seven phrases whose spelling or pronunciation marks the beginning of mental decline. Nothing "begins" at a word. Word-finding and naming tasks do appear inside real cognitive screening tools, but those tools are administered and interpreted by a clinician alongside your history, your medications and a physical exam. Failing a word online means nothing on its own: plenty of people with perfectly healthy brains stumble over a word when they are tired, anxious, or being timed. "Top doctors" and "MDs" refer to no specific doctor. See section 5.
"Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Greatest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Drinking These 3 Beverages""Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Avoid Eating These 3 Foods""Japan's Oldest Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Exaggerated No group of Japanese doctors issued this statement. There is no such panel, no such list, and no source we can point you to. Japan appears in the headline because it is widely associated with long life, which makes the claim feel credible. That is a marketing decision, not a citation. The second half is also wrong in an important way. Memory loss is strongly related to age. Age is the single largest risk factor for dementia, and no diet removes it. What is true is narrower: certain long-term drinking and eating patterns are associated with faster cognitive decline in large population studies. Association is not proof of cause, and "just avoid these three" is not how any of it works.
"Nobel Prize's Doctors Say Memory Loss Isn't Age: Just Stop Eating These 3 Foods"	Withdrawn We retract this one outright. No Nobel laureate has endorsed this page, this product, or any list of three foods on our behalf. Attaching the Nobel Prize to an advertisement implies an authority that does not exist and we should not have run it.
"The Overlooked Boxed Cereal Now Tied to 8 Out of 10 Memory Cases"	Our headline was wrong There is no such statistic. No study ties any cereal to eight out of ten cases of anything, "memory cases" is not a category any researcher uses, and no cereal has been "overlooked" by anyone: the sugar figure is printed on the side of every box. The number was invented for the headline and we withdraw it. The grain of truth is the same as for the other cereal headlines below: sugary cereals are mostly refined starch and added sugar, and diets heavy in both are associated in population studies with poorer memory scores [1] and with faster cognitive decline over years. [2] That is a modest association across thousands of people, not eight in ten of anyone. See section 3.
"Brain Experts Now Say These 3 Cereals Age the Brain Faster Than Time""Scientists Now Say This 1 Cereal Ages the Brain Faster Than Time"	Exaggerated No food ages the brain "faster than time." That phrase was written for effect and it is not a finding from any study. It is also internally inconsistent: in one version it is three cereals, in another it is one, because the number is something we test for click-through, not something we measured. The grain of truth: diets high in added sugar and refined starch are associated with poorer memory scores and greater cardiovascular risk over years. That is a modest effect across a population, not a fate sealed by a bowl of cereal. See section 3.
"Doctors Now Say This Popular Evening Drink Is Behind Memory Loss""Doctors Now Say This Popular Evening Drink Is Behind Brain Health Decline"	Partly true The "evening drink" is alcohol, and of everything our ads point at, this is where the evidence is strongest. Heavy and even moderate regular drinking has been linked in long-running studies to worse brain outcomes, including shrinkage of the hippocampus, the region most involved in forming memories. Excessive alcohol is one of the risk factors named in the 2024 Lancet Commission on dementia. [3] [4] What is overstated is the word "behind." Alcohol is one contributing risk factor among many, not the cause of memory loss. Cutting back is a genuinely good idea. It is not a cure, and it will not undo damage already done. It is also worth saying plainly: the gel pack we sell contains no alcohol; it contains 40 milligrams of caffeine, about half a cup of coffee, and two grams of added sugar.
"Doctors Name 5 Popular Drinks Now Tied To Memory Decline. Coffee Tops The List""Seniors: These 4 Drinks May Be Aging Your Brain Faster""The 4 Drinks Brain Doctors Want Seniors to Quit""Neurologists Say Cognitive Decline Isn't Age: Just Stop Drinking These 2 Popular Drinks""Doctors: 3 Popular Drinks Now Tied to Memory Loss in Seniors"	Exaggerated Notice that the count changes: two drinks, three, four, five. It changes because it is an advertising variable we rotate, not a number that came out of a study. No neurologist is named in any version, because none was consulted. "Coffee tops the list" is the clearest thing we have got wrong. Large reviews of coffee and cognition have generally not found ordinary coffee drinking to be a risk factor for dementia; several report a neutral or modestly favourable association. If you drink coffee and enjoy it, this headline gave you a reason to worry that the evidence does not support. Our own article about this extract suggests no coffee after two in the afternoon, for the sake of sleep. That is a timing point, not a claim that coffee harms memory. See section 2.
"Brain Doctors: Quit These 4 Drinks Before It's Too Late"	Exaggerated No brain doctor was consulted for this headline, and there is no "too late." The deadline was invented to make you click. The four drinks are the ones in section 2: alcohol, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, energy drinks and sweetened coffee-shop drinks. Cutting back on them is sensible for your heart, your sleep and your weight, and long-running population studies link heavy use of the first two to poorer cognitive outcomes over years. There is no evidence that quitting them on any particular day changes anything about your memory, and there is no age after which the change stops being worth making. See section 2.
"Memory Slipping? Check These 4 Everyday Drinks First"	Partly true Half right, in the wrong order. If your memory is slipping, the first thing to check is not a drink; it is your doctor, because several treatable causes listed in section 6 look exactly like memory loss and none of them is fixed by changing what you pour. The four drinks are the everyday ones in section 2: alcohol, sugary soft drinks, energy drinks and sweetened coffee drinks. Reviewing them is a reasonable second step, mostly for sleep and for your heart. Not enough plain water belongs on the list too, and it is the one our own article dwells on. See sections 2 and 6.
"America's Top Experts Say Mental Decline Isn't Aging: Just Avoid These 5 Kitchen Drinks"	Exaggerated The same construction as the "Japan's doctors" headline above, with the country changed. No panel of American experts issued this statement, and we cannot point you to one. Mental decline is strongly tied to age, and no drink removes that. The five kitchen drinks are alcohol, sugar-sweetened sodas, diet sodas, energy drinks and sweetened coffee-shop drinks, all in section 2, where the honest version of each is written out. "Just avoid" overstates what any of that evidence shows. See section 2.
"Still Sharp at 90? Seniors Are Rethinking These 3 Everyday Foods"	Partly true The gentlest of our headlines, and still an overstatement. Nobody knows what keeps a particular person sharp at 90. The largest studies point to blood pressure, hearing, physical activity, social contact and education far more than to any food; see section 7. The three everyday foods are sugary breakfast cereals, processed meats and packaged baked goods, all in section 3. Eating less of them is associated in population studies with better long-term brain and heart outcomes. That is a modest, slow effect across a population, and no food is a guarantee at any age. See sections 3 and 7.
"Drink one cup a day and watch your memory change"	Exaggerated There is no cup; the product is two soft chews a day. The extract is the one line on any bottle we sell this year whose dose matches its trials: 250 milligrams a day for twelve weeks in 111 and in 96 healthy older adults was associated with better scores on memory and attention tests, [5] [6] in trials whose bylines include the extract's maker and which no independent group has repeated. The two vitamins are at 100 percent of the Daily Value, [7] which the largest review found does little or nothing for people who are not short of them. [8] What two daily chews can honestly give you is the trial dose of one extract, a teaspoon of sugar, and a thirty-day test with a notebook. "Watch your memory change" should not have been written. See sections 7 and 9, and the ingredients below.
"Two grape chewables a day with an extract at exactly the dose of its two trials, a day's vitamin B6 and B12, and four grams of sugar: the only bottle on this desk whose number matches the study, and the small print around that match"	Broadly supported This is the reading our article is built on, and it is on the label. The panel prints Cognigrape grape fruit extract 250 mg, vitamin B6 1.7 mg (100 %), vitamin B12 2.4 mcg (100 %) and 4 g of added sugars per two chews. Both trials of the extract in healthy older adults used 250 milligrams a day for twelve weeks and reported better scores on a mental-status test and on neuropsychological batteries, [5] [6] and both list authors from the company that makes the extract. The B-vitamin lines are a day's worth each, [7] and a Cochrane review of fourteen trials in 27,882 adults found B-vitamin supplements probably have little or no effect on thinking in people who are not short of them. [8] The headline is meant to state a match and its qualifiers, not to raise expectations. It is not a claim that the chews work.
"Neurologists Name 5 Popular Prescriptions Now Tied to Memory Decline"	Partly true, and the most dangerous to act on This one is closest to real research. Several widely prescribed drug classes have been linked in large studies to higher dementia risk, and prescribing guidelines already flag some of them as poor choices for older adults. [9] [10] [11] But an advertisement is the worst possible reason to change a prescription. Stopping some of these medicines suddenly can cause seizures, dangerous rebound anxiety, or a return of the condition being treated. Never stop or change a prescribed medicine because of something you read in an ad, including ours. Read section 4 before you do anything.

2. Every drink our ads point at

Our headlines have referred, in different versions, to "3 beverages", "4 drinks", "5 popular drinks", "2 popular drinks" and "this popular evening drink" without ever naming them. Here is the complete list of what we were pointing at, and what the research actually supports for each one. Where a study is cited, it is observational unless stated otherwise: it can show that two things travel together in a population, not that one causes the other.

3. Every food our ads point at

The food headlines referred to "3 foods" and to "cereals": one cereal in some versions, three in others. Again, the number was ours, not a finding. Here is what was meant, and what stands behind it.

4. The "5 prescriptions" headline

Our headline said "5 popular prescriptions now tied to memory decline." It named none of them. These are the drug classes that research has actually flagged. "Tied to" means associated in observational studies, not proven to cause.

What this section is not. It is not a claim that these medicines cause dementia, not medical advice, and not a suggestion that a grape extract in a soft chew is an alternative to any of them. It is a prompt to have one specific conversation with a professional who knows your history. Two things in the chews we sell deserve a mention in that conversation of their own accord: the grape extract, worth naming if you take anything that affects clotting, and the 4 grams of added sugar per serving, worth naming if anyone is watching your glucose. One more reason to have that conversation before you make it a daily habit.

5. The "3 words" and "7 phrases" tests

Several of our headlines invite you to test yourself on words or phrases: spell these three words, pronounce these three phrases, see whether you say these seven phrases. There is no such validated test, and we cannot give you a real one, because a real one does not work that way.

What actual cognitive screening looks like. Clinicians use short structured tools. The Mini-Cog, the MoCA (Montreal Cognitive Assessment) and the MMSE are the common ones. They do include word tasks: recalling three unrelated words after a delay, naming animals, repeating a sentence. But three things make them different from an online quiz:

• They are administered in person, in a standard way, by someone trained to do it.
• The score is interpreted against your age and education, not against a fixed pass mark.
• A low score is a reason for further evaluation (bloodwork, medication review, history from a family member, sometimes imaging), never a diagnosis by itself.

Screening tools also produce false alarms. Anxiety, poor sleep, hearing loss, depression, pain and simply being nervous all lower scores in people whose brains are fine. This is precisely why an online word quiz is meaningless: it has none of the context that makes the real instrument useful.

6. Real warning signs, and the causes worth ruling out

The genuinely useful list is not about spelling. It is about whether memory or thinking has changed enough to interfere with everyday life. Signs that deserve a medical appointment include:

• Memory loss that disrupts daily life: repeatedly asking for the same information, relying on notes and family for things you used to handle yourself.
• Difficulty completing familiar tasks: a routine recipe, a regular route, paying the usual bills.
• New trouble following or joining a conversation, stopping mid-sentence, or calling things by the wrong name.
• Confusion about time or place: losing track of dates or seasons, or how you got somewhere.
• Trouble judging distance, or reading. Worth checking, since it can also be vision.
• Putting things in unusual places and being unable to retrace steps, sometimes with a sense that others are to blame.
• Noticeably poorer judgement, especially about money.
• Withdrawing from work, hobbies or social life; changes in mood, personality, suspicion or apathy.

Ordinary ageing looks different: occasionally forgetting a name and recalling it later, misplacing your glasses and finding them, needing help with an unfamiliar device, taking a moment to find a word, rereading a paragraph after lunch and getting it on the second pass. That is normal and common at every age.

7. What actually has the best evidence

If we only had one section to be useful in, this would be it. The 2024 report of the Lancet standing Commission on dementia concluded that nearly half of dementia cases worldwide, around 45%, could potentially be prevented or delayed by addressing fourteen modifiable risk factors across the life course. ^[3] Not one of them is a supplement, a liquid extract, or a list of three foods.

• Treat hearing loss. Use hearing aids if you need them.
• Control blood pressure from mid-life onward. Take the medication as prescribed.
• Treat high LDL cholesterol and manage diabetes.
• Do not smoke.
• Stay physically active. Regular walking counts, and it is free.
• Limit alcohol.
• Treat depression, and take it seriously in older adults.
• Stay socially connected. Isolation is a measured risk factor, not a soft one.
• Correct vision loss: get cataracts treated, keep the prescription current.
• Protect your head from injury; reduce fall risk at home.
• Sleep properly. Persistently short sleep in mid-life has been associated with higher dementia incidence. ^[13]
• Keep learning: education and continued mental engagement across life.
• Maintain a healthy weight and reduce exposure to air pollution where you can.

These are unglamorous. They cannot be delivered in a headline, they take years, and none of them can be sold to you by us. They are also, by a wide margin, the best-supported things on this entire page.

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8. Ingredient guide: what is actually in the chewables we sell

What each of the ingredients printed on the label of Nature's Way Brain Fuel is, what it is traditionally used for, and what the cited research says, including who wrote it. The panel prints an amount for every line, per two chews: Cognigrape grape (Vitis vinifera) fruit extract 250 milligrams, vitamin B6 (as pyridoxine hydrochloride) 1.7 milligrams, vitamin B12 (as cyanocobalamin) 2.4 micrograms, sodium 15 milligrams, and 25 calories with 6 grams of carbohydrate of which 4 grams are added sugars, in a chew of glucose syrup, cane sugar, water, pectin, citric acid, flavorings, sodium citrate, sunflower lecithin and beeswax, with no gelatin and no caffeine. The label calls the chews by a word this guide does not print. Where a study is cited below, it used one ingredient at a time, in a measured dose; the extract's two trials used this dose but did not test these chews, and both include authors from the extract's maker. Read the statement at the end of this section before you buy anything.

Grape (Vitis vinifera) juice extract, standardized (Cognigrape™)

A dried extract of red grape juice from Sicily, standardized for its polyphenols, sold to supplement makers under the Cognigrape name by an Italian company.

Traditional and everyday use. Grapes and red wine have a long place at the table; the concentrated extract is a modern product.

What the research says. In a 12-week trial of 111 healthy older adults, 250 mg a day was associated with higher scores on a mental-status test and on a neuropsychological battery, including attention and memory, compared with placebo.^[5] A second trial of 96 healthy older adults at the same dose reported similar gains over 84 days.^[6] Both trials include authors from the company that makes the extract.

Amount per serving in Brain Fuel · Grape · 60 chewables. 250 mg (the dose of both 12-week trials in healthy older adults; both trials include authors from the extract's maker)

Good to know. A food extract, generally well tolerated; ask a pharmacist if you take anything that affects clotting.

Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine HCl)

A water-soluble vitamin present in many foods that the body uses in more than 100 enzyme reactions involved in metabolism. Adults over 50 are advised to get 1.7 mg (men) or 1.5 mg (women) a day; one squeeze carries 0.5 mg (30% of the daily value).

Traditional and everyday use. Comes from poultry, fish, potatoes, chickpeas, bananas and fortified cereals.

What the research says. A Cochrane review of 14 trials in 27,882 cognitively healthy adults concluded that B-vitamin supplements (folic acid, vitamin B12, vitamin B6 or combinations) probably have little or no effect on global cognitive function.^[8] The National Institutes of Health notes that people with higher blood levels of B6 tend to have better memory, but that supplements have not been shown to improve cognition in older adults.

Amount per serving in Brain Fuel · Grape · 60 chewables. 1.7 mg (100 % DV) (a day's worth; matters only to someone short of it)

Good to know. Very high doses from supplements over long periods (1,000 mg a day and more; the upper limit for adults is 100 mg a day) can cause nerve damage in the arms and legs; five squeezes give 2.5 mg, far below that.

Vitamin B12 (methylcobalamin)

A vitamin found naturally only in animal foods — meat, fish, eggs and dairy — and in fortified products. The body absorbs it through a two-step process in the stomach and small intestine that becomes less efficient with age, which is why supplement doses are often many times the daily requirement: only a small percentage of a large oral dose is taken up.

What the research says. A Cochrane review of 14 trials in 27,882 cognitively healthy adults concluded that B-vitamin supplements, including vitamin B12, probably have little or no effect on global cognitive function up to five years.^[8] That review says nothing about people who are actually short of B12; in the European Union the vitamin carries authorised claims that it contributes to normal psychological function, to normal functioning of the nervous system and to the reduction of tiredness and fatigue.

Amount per serving in Brain Fuel · Grape · 60 chewables. 2.4 mcg (100 % DV) (a day's worth; the one vitamin people over 60 are commonly short of, and this amount is small)

Good to know. No upper limit has been set, because unabsorbed vitamin B12 is not stored. A blood test is the only way to know whether you are short of it; ask your doctor rather than guessing.

*These statements have not been evaluated by the Food and Drug Administration. This product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent any disease. This information does not constitute medical advice and it should not be relied upon as such. This product is not a substitute for medication or other treatment prescribed by a physician or health care provider. Consult your doctor before starting any dietary supplement.

9. What we can and cannot promise

Set against the headlines that brought you here, this is the complete and honest position.

Things we cannot promise, and that nobody selling you a supplement can:

• That these chews will improve your memory.
• That it will prevent, delay, slow or reverse dementia or Alzheimer's disease.
• That it offsets alcohol, sugar, processed food, or any drink or food named on this page.
• That it can replace a prescribed medicine, or make a medication review unnecessary.
• That any doctor in Japan, any Nobel laureate, any neurologist or any "brain expert" recommends it. None has.
• That a word or phrase quiz can tell you anything about your brain.
• That the two trials of the extract settle the question. They used this dose for twelve weeks in 111 and 96 healthy older adults and reported better test scores, and both list authors from the company that makes the extract; no independent group has repeated them, and nobody has tested these chews themselves.
• That "clinically studied" on the label, the word the label uses for the chews, or the twenty-four reviews describe a proven benefit. "Clinically studied" is true and is explained above with its qualifiers; the word for the chews is one our rules do not print; and twenty-three of the twenty-four reviews were written in one month by people who received the bottle for the purpose, which the seller discloses. They are label words and sales words, and the same label carries the FDA disclaimer.

Things we can say honestly:

• It is a soft fruit chew of one extract and two vitamins, sold in a bottle of sixty by Nature's Way Brands, LLC of Green Bay, Wisconsin, a company with a street address, a toll-free number and an email whose products are also sold in pharmacies and grocery stores; the label says the chews contain no gluten, wheat, soy, egg, peanut, dairy, gelatin or artificial colors, and the listing says the company tests for contaminants. Every ingredient printed on the label is listed above with its amount.
• It contains no caffeine and no alcohol. It contains 4 grams of added sugar per two chews, a level teaspoon, from glucose syrup and cane sugar, and no hidden blend; every line has a printed amount.
• The label's direction is two chews a day for adults, not to be exceeded; a bottle is thirty days. The label gives no time of day.
• The price, the shipping terms (at no charge on orders over forty-nine dollars from the seller's website, so a single bottle pays shipping; the same bottle is sold in pharmacies) and the refund terms (a 45-day satisfaction promise on products bought for personal use from the company or its authorized sellers in the United States, refund of the price excluding shipping, with a packing slip or confirmation email as proof of purchase, claimed by telephone; the company may ask for the product back in its original packaging at the customer's expense and excludes clearance items) are exactly what is written on the seller's pages. Nothing more, and no promise made elsewhere overrides them.
• The customer reviews we quote are real and public on the seller's site; we quote them word for word, we mark "Verified Buyer" only where the seller's review system does, and we left out reviews that made claims we cannot check. Individual experiences are not evidence.
• We earn a commission if you buy. That is our interest in this, stated plainly.
• Nothing here is medical advice, and none of it replaces your doctor.

10. Questions people ask us

Did a Japanese doctor, a Nobel laureate or a neurologist really say this?

No. Those attributions are advertising language. No named or identifiable expert made those statements, and none has endorsed this product.

So is coffee bad for my memory or not?

Ordinary coffee is not an established risk factor for cognitive decline, and reviews generally find neutral to modestly favourable associations. Our "Coffee Tops The List" headline overstated it. What is worth watching is added sugar in coffee drinks, and caffeine late enough in the day to spoil your sleep. That last point is the only reason our article suggests no coffee after two.

Should I stop my sleeping tablet or my anxiety medication?

Not on your own, and not because of an advertisement. Some of these drugs cause seizures or severe rebound symptoms if stopped abruptly. Take your full medication list to your doctor or pharmacist and ask whether anything on it is a poor fit for your age. See section 4.

Is this product a treatment for Alzheimer's or dementia?

No. It is not a treatment for any disease. If you or a family member is facing a diagnosis, the people to talk to are your doctor and a support organisation such as the Alzheimer's Association helpline listed above.

Is the dose really the same as in the studies, and who wrote the studies?

Yes: two chews hold 250 milligrams of the Cognigrape extract, and both twelve-week trials in healthy older adults gave 250 milligrams a day. ^{[5] [6]} Both trials list authors from the company that makes and sells the extract alongside university and contract-research authors, and no independent group has repeated them, so the match is real and the evidence behind it is the maker's. The same label carries the statement that its claims have not been evaluated by the FDA and that the product is not intended to diagnose, treat, cure or prevent any disease.

Does it contain caffeine, sugar or alcohol?

No caffeine and no alcohol. Four grams of added sugar per two chews, a level teaspoon, from glucose syrup and cane sugar.

Which of the lines does something?

The extract has two twelve-week trials at this exact dose in 207 healthy older adults that reported better memory and attention scores, with the maker on both bylines. The two vitamins matter only if a blood test says you are short of them, and the largest review found they do little or nothing for people who are not. The sugar does what sugar does. The article goes through them hour by hour.

Why does this page talk about medicines if the product is not one?

Because one of our headlines pointed at "5 prescriptions", and you deserve to know what was behind it. Nothing in section 4 is advice to change a medicine, and the product is not an alternative to any of them.

If your own headlines are exaggerated, why should I believe this page?

A fair question. Do not take our word for it. The references below are real, published sources you can look up yourself, and nothing in sections 5, 6 and 7 requires you to buy anything or trust us. If this page and our headlines disagree, believe this page.

Does this page cost anything?

No. It is free, there is nothing to sign up for, and you are welcome to read it, close the tab and never come back.

Can I check these claims myself?

Yes, and you should. Every numbered reference below can be found by searching its title. For general information, the National Institute on Aging (nia.nih.gov) and the Alzheimer's Association (alz.org) publish plain-language material and sell nothing.

References

These are the sources behind the claims marked with a number above. Most are observational studies, which can show association but not cause; the two trials of the extract were twelve weeks each in 111 and 96 healthy older adults and include authors from the extract's maker; the B-vitamin review pooled fourteen trials in 27,882 adults; the Daily Values are labelling figures, not trial doses. We have deliberately not cited anything for the claims we describe as exaggerated, because there is nothing to cite.

1. Pase M.P. et al. (2017). Alzheimer's & Dementia 13(9):955-964 doi.org
2. Gonçalves N.G. et al. (2023). JAMA Neurology 80(2):142-150 doi.org
3. Livingston G. et al. (2024). The Lancet 404(10452):572-628 doi.org
4. Topiwala A. et al. (2017). BMJ 357:j2353 doi.org
5. Calapai G. et al. (2017). Frontiers in Pharmacology 8:776 doi.org
6. Amone F. et al. (2024). Foods 13(18):2999 doi.org
7. US Food and Drug Administration. "Daily Value on the Nutrition and Supplement Facts Labels" (content current as of 2024-03-05) fda.gov
8. Rutjes A.W.S. et al. (2018). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, CD011906 doi.org
9. Gray S.L. et al. (2015). JAMA Internal Medicine 175(3):401-407 doi.org
10. Coupland C.A.C. et al. (2019). JAMA Internal Medicine 179(8):1084-1093 doi.org
11. American Geriatrics Society 2023 Beers Criteria Update Expert Panel (2023). Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 71(7):2052-2081 doi.org
12. Pase M.P. et al. (2017). Stroke 48(5):1139-1146 doi.org
13. Sabia S. et al. (2021). Nature Communications 12:2289 doi.org
14. Morris M.C. et al. (2015). Alzheimer's & Dementia 11(9):1015-1022 doi.org

Citing a study does not mean the study is about this product. The two trials above tested the extract at the dose these chews hold, not the chews themselves, and both were written with the extract's maker; none of the other research tested Nature's Way Brain Fuel, and none of it supports it.

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